The Abortion Argument In Islam Theology Religion Essay

The Abortion Argument In Islam Theology Religion Essay Drawing upon references from the Islamic tradition, discuss the ethics of abortion. According to Islam is Abortion ever permissible? The abortion argument in Islam takes its status in a specific religious setting shaped by the divinely exposed teachings of the religion. These teachings are acknowledged by Muslims as sacred and unchallengeable and have persisted undisputed for over centuries. The greatest importance of these teachings affects the meaning and purpose of human life. Islam teaches that human life is sacred because its origins come from God alone, who by his position is sacred and the final source of all that is holy. Within these writings Human beings are seen as Gods finest creation by way of the fact that in creation he breathed his spirit into every human body, male and female, at a certain stage of its embryological development. This exhalation by God of the heavenly soul into the human fetus is called its ensoulment. Thus by doing this it bestows on man, the status of theomorphic existence, and it is this very existence that is exalted above all things as life itself is gods divine gift to mankin d. So from this point Islam supports a strong and serious standpoint on the taking of a persons life and of all actions which may be injurious to such life. One of the five basic human rights preserved in the Sharia is the protection by the state of every human life. The Quran asserts that whosoever kills a [single] human for other than murder or other than the corruption of the earth [i.e., war], it is as though he has killed all humankind and whosoever has saved one human, it is as though he has saved all humankind (5:35). When we discuss the term other than murder in this verse within Islamic law it refers mostly to justifiable homicide, these can be acts of self-defense and subsequent acts of capital punishment as set under the Islamic law of equality (qisas).Islam imparts that a human is not just a mind-body or soul-body object that has come into being in the course of an completely physical, historical, or evolutionary development, rather the religious entity contends that rather he/she is an individual who is also a spirit whose existence exceeds the physical space as we know it. Within this existence individuals are disregarding all we believe we know. This divine material found in all human individuals is regarded by Muslim theorists as the best part of ourselves which is able to distinguish itself, God and have insight even into the spiritual realm; this is what in reality set us above all other creations. Within this admitted hierarchy of Creation in which human are set above all other living things, the Quran and the Sunnah however strongly order Muslims to treat animals with compassion and not to abuse them as well. The Quran states that all creation praises God, even if this praise is not expressed in human language (17:44). In addition the Quran contends that There is not an animal in the earth, nor a flying creature on two wings, but they are communities like unto you (6:38). This is stated due to the sanctity of life. Taking a life even that of a animal for food is to be done only if it is a necessity. In this regard abortion is seen as an abomination to creation as a whole as far as islam is concerned When we look into the Islamic debate of abortion it is usually focused on the question also of rights and responsibilities between the husband and wife so it is important we add this into the equation. It is here again that the Quran emphases the belief that everything in the heavens and on earth belongs to God. So if we are really speaking metaphysically on this matter within Islam, individuals do not have ownership over anything, not even over their own bodies. Within this vein of thinking it is God alone who has assigned the rights of both men and women and their subsequent roles as husband and wives. Continuing on this thinking both men and women within Islam get their rights through the adjudication of the Divine Law through the Quran. The Quran mentions considerably the ensoulment of the human body, largely in the setting of Gods creation story, the making of Adam. Here we also are able to read our shared affirmation of humankinds supremacy over the rest of creation, including the angels. When Muslims need insight into abortion or the subject of the ethics of abortion in Islam it can only be resolved by looking closely at the Quran. This is considered the source of all truth in the Islamic world, as well as the Sunna, who is the living example of the Prophet. Allah states clearly in the Quran the method of human development in the womb. 0 people! If you are in doubt about the raising, then surely We created you from dust, then a small seed, then from a clot, then from a lump of flesh, complete in make and incomplete. . . (Quran 22:5) From this viewpoint human life as we know it is not human until the lump of dust phase is finalised. Here it is clear that human existence is not human until the lump of flesh stage is completed, subsequently this verse informs us the laws of succession as far as Islam is before we become a person. Similar passages in the Quran make it undeniable that Allah creates humans in stages and foetuses earlier than the final stage are not classified as humans. Anees (1989) notes this as well, when he states; It is obvious that the Muslim juristic appraisal of the legality of induced abortion hinges on one and only one determinant: transformation from a biological being (may be taken as an equivalent of the animal stage of development) to a human being. This transmutation is brought about when the spirit is infused into that biological being (P.177) Further, Asad, and Bahishti other Islamist writers, in this modern period have interpreted this surah in this way. The language in this surah which has an addition to it is called an hadith is also reverberated in the creation of the law by the Prophet. This hadith 6397 reflects that Anas b. Malik as reported directly from Allahs messenger (may peace be upon him) said: Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, has appointed an angel as caretaker of the womb, and he would say: My Lord, it is now a drop of semen; my Lord, it is now a clot of blood, my Lord, it has now become a lump of flesh, and when Allah decides to give it a final shape, the angel says: My Lord, would it be male or female or would he be an evil or a good person? What about his livelihood and his age. And it is all written as he is in the womb of his mother This passage contemplates that Allah bestows all human characteristics within the womb, such that the creation within the womb becomes the incubator of creation, the catalyst of all life itself. Again we are brought back to the conclusion that the foetus is just a drop or a clot or a lump until Allah decides to give it its final form, and at that stage its future is recognised and ascertained by Allah. In conclusion, this same language is used in a hadith which asserts that each of the first three stages represents 40 days. (Hadith=is a saying or an act or tacit approval or disapproval ascribed either validly or invalidly to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Hadith are regarded by traditional Islamic schools of jurisprudence as important tools for understanding the Quran and in matters of law http://www.memidex.com/hadiths) (Abdullah said that the Prophet of God (May peace and blessings be upon him) said that the sperm is in the womb for forty days without its condition changing. When it has passed these forty days it becomes a clot, then in that manner it becomes a bigger thing likewise, and when Allah wants to complete its creation, He sends an angel. He tells the angel that which He commands for it: for example, male or female, unhappy or joyful, short or tall, weak or strong, and he make the person healthy or infirm. He (the Prophet) said that he (the angel) writes all of this down. This Islamic view of fetal development based on the Quran and hadith is central to the Muslim arguments on abortion. All Muslim experts in the philosophy of religious law and specifically the readings of the Quran accept as true that the foetus only becomes a human being after the fourth month of pregnancy. Thus as a result of this finding, abortion is forbidden after that stage (Musallam, 1983).In spite of this however there is differing views concerning the tolerability of abortion through the first four months of pregnancy. This is the period just before the ensoulment of the foetus. Conflict arises based on the religious schooling of the theorists in this matter. The hanafi School of Islamic law allows abortion to be performed at any period throughout the four-month pregnancy stage. Within their writings they decrees that the woman has the right to adopt some method of obtaining abortion if quickening of the fetus has not occurred, which happens after 120 days of conception (Abedin, p. 121). On the other hand the majority of Maliki law makers prohibit abortion absolutely. Their core disagreement is that even though the foetus does not become a human until after its ensoulment, we have a duty not to interfere with the natural development of conception. Once the semen has established itself in the womb, as the semen is predestined for ensoulment. Again there is debate by some Maliki Lawmakers which allow abortion of a fetus up to forty days old. Other schools of Islamic law like the Sunnis and Shiites agree with the Hanafis in their tolerance of abortion; however they differ in the specific interpretations of the law making it increasingly an ongoing debatable parody. This brings to the point that it is crucial to emphasize that there is an exact and detailed theological and ethic-legal context in which abortion has been allowed in Islam. Muslim Imams categories all human act into five categories, namely (1) the obligatory (wÄ jib), (2) the recommended (mandÃ…Â «b), (3) the allowable or the indifferent (mubÄ h), (4) the blameworthy or the discouraged (makrÃ…Â «h), and (5) the forbidden (harÄ m). Abortion has been subsequently placed using this scale in the third category, that of the (mubah), allowable. In conclusion to this everlasting argument the writings of Allah, within the Quran, have made it clear that to take any life is wrong. All Islamic people are under the protection of Allah. Allah also implores us from the Quran that any foetus in a womb is not a human person until after a stated period has passed. Allahs case in point adds that the period specified is 120 days of gestation, after which time the foetus is treated as a Muslim, however it is still not seen as a true living Muslim. This is implied as there is no punishment on a woman who is forced to miscarry and from this the foetus dies. Finally, it can be said that although abortion in the first 120 days of gestation is largely seen as morally wrong in Islamic law, it is not considered to be murder. Abortion within this 120 day period falls into the classification of bodily injury or breaking of an oath, thus the person who is found guilty at this time is usually served with some kind of penance punishment. The questio n of abortion becomes an illogical dilemma then when we take into account the killing of ones children which is classified as one of the gravest sins within the Quran. Such that if an abortion took place after the 120 days it would surmount to the sin of killing a child, and because of its position in the legal-ethical debate would need sufficient arguments that the abortion was necessary to save the life of the mother, that is it was necessary to save another life.

Can Noise Traders Survive

Discuss the implications of the paradox that although financial theory assumes that investors are rational in practive, few if any investors appear to approach investments decisions in a rational manner. Can Noise Traders Survive? 1. Introduction Noise Trader is a financial term introduced by Kyle (1985) and Black (1986). It refers to a stock trader who lacks access to inside information and makes irrational investment decisions (De Long et al. , 1990). Traditional financial theories are often based on the assumption that all the investors are rational.The burgeoning behavioral finance departs from classical financial theory by dropping this basic assumption (Carty, 2005). In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying the behaviour and effects of noise traders. Friedman (1953) and Fama (1965) argue that noise traders are irrelevant because they will be driven out of market by rational investors who trade against them. On the contrary, Black (1986) argues that noise t raders can survive in the long run, and the entire financial market cannot function properly without noise traders.This essay will attempt to demonstrate that noise traders can make profits and survive in the long run, they can maintain a price impact and provide liquidity to the market. In order to demonstrate this, first, this essay will be specifically focusing on efficient-market hypothesis (EMH), which is a representative traditional financial theory based on rational investors assumption. Both empirical and theoretical evidence will be given in order to demonstrate the discrepancy between the rational investors assumption and real financial markets.Second, this essay will further explain how noise traders can survive in the long run, even sometimes earn higher expected returns than rational investors. Finally, it should be noted that noise trading is essential to financial market as its impact on asset pricing and benefits for market liquidity. 2. Illogicality of efficient-mar ket hypothesis Efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) assumes that financial markets are â€Å"informationally efficient† (Fama, 1965). All investors can make rational investment decisions based on full disclosure of information.Their argument against the importance of noise traders points out that if the price of an asset diverges from its fundamental value, rational arbitrageurs will buy the undervalued shares on one exchange while sell the same amount of overvalued shares on another exchange (Shleifer, 2000). The actions of rational arbitrageurs will drive the price back to its fundamental value. In the long run, therefore, noise traders will consistently lose money to rational arbitrageurs, thus eventually disappear from the market (De Long et al. , 1990).In order words, noise traders cannot survive in the financial market because their expected returns are negative. However, although efficient-market hypothesis is a cornerstone of modern financial theory, it is often disputed by investors and researchers both empirically and theoretically. The theoretical paradox of EMH and empirical evidence against EMH in real financial markets will be further explained by the following examples. The Grossman-Stiglitz paradox (Grossman and Stiglitz, 1980) testifies that financial market can not be â€Å"informationally efficient†.Grossman and Stiglitz argue that †because information is costly, prices cannot perfectly reflect the information which is available, since if it did, those who spent resources to obtain it would receive no compensation† (Grossman and Stiglitz, 1980, p. 405 ). If a market is informationally efficient, it means that all relevant information is reflected in market prices. Therefore there is no incentive to collect the information. However, if no one will pay to collect the information, the information then can not reflect in the prices.In summary, The Grossman-Stiglitz paradox contradicts efficient-market hypothesis, which mig ht prove that efficient-market is not the real feature of financial market. There are also other paradoxes that are seemingly impossible to explain according to efficient-market hypothesis. From the perspective of rational arbitrageurs, if noise traders are all eventually driven out of markets, there will be no price discrepancies for arbitrage. Thus the rational arbitrageurs will also disappear from the markets. In that case, how can the markets maintain a non-arbitrage equilibrium?From the perspective of noise traders, if noise traders are all driven out of markets, how do the markets generate the original noise traders? It seems clear that those two paradoxes serve as evidence of the existence of noise traders. Efficient-market hypothesis also states that it is impossible for investors to consistently out-perform the average market returns, or in other words, â€Å"beat the market†, because the market price is generally equal to or close to the fair value (Fama, 1965). It is impossible, therefore, for investors to earn higher returns through purchasing undervalued stocks.Investors can only increase their profits by trading riskier stocks (http://www. investopedia. com/). However, empirically speaking, there is a large quantity of real financial examples to support that stocks are not always traded at their fair value. On Monday October 19, 1987, the financial markets around the world fell by over 20%, shedding a huge value in a single day (Ahsan, 2012). It serves as example that market price can diverge significantly from its fair value. In addition, Warren Buffett has consistently beaten the market over a long period of time, which also contradicts efficient-market hypothesis (http://www. nvestopedia. com/). Thus, the two empirical examples above show that there is a huge discrepancy between real financial markets and efficient-market hypothesis rational investors assumption. However, how do noise traders survive from rational investors and arbitrag eurs? 3. Explanation of noise traders’ survival The DSSW model (De Long et. al. , 1990) further explains how noise traders can exist in the long run. The efficient-market hypothesis argues that if asset price diverges from its fair value by noise traders, rational arbitrageurs will trade against them hence push the price back to its fair value.However, it is far from the truth in real financial market. If noise traders are too optimistic about stock and have raised up the price of the stock from its fundamental value, an arbitrageur will bear huge risk selling the stock because noise traders optimistic beliefs will not change for a long time, thus the price will not return, or be pushed up even further by noise traders (De Long et. al. , 1990). The risk rational arbitrageurs bears trying to change noise traders’ opinions is named â€Å"noise trader risk†. Since rational arbitrageurs are risk-averse, the noise trader risk will limit their willingness to trade aga inst noise traders.De Long et. al (1990) argue that â€Å"the arbitrage does not eliminate the effects of noise because noise itself creates risk. † Therefore the noise traders can exist in the long run. De Long et. al (1990) also argue that noise traders may even earn higher expected returns than rational investors. If noise traders are over bullish about an asset and invest more, it means they bring additional noise trader risk into the asset, therefore rational arbitrageurs will find the asset less attractive because arbitrageurs are risk-averse investors.Noise traders, especially those overconfident investors, invest more in the risky asset than rational investors. Overconfident traders take on more risk and hence earn higher profits than their rational counterparts. De Long et. al (1990) say that â€Å"noise traders can earn higher expected returns solely by bearing more of the risk that they themselves create†. It is reasonable to conclude that noise traders can survive in the long tun and may even make more profits than rational investors. This may lead us to ask is there any significance of noise traders existing in financial markets? . Significance of noise traders The significance of noise traders can be divided into two parts, namely the benefits for market liquidity and the impact on asset prices. First, noise trader is the indispensable component of financial market. Black (1986) argues that if all investors are rational, there will be very little trading in individual assets. It means there is no incentives for investors to trade in the shares of an individual firm against those who share the same information and same beliefs on the stock.Traders will invest in mutual funds, or portfolios, or index futures instead of individual firms. However, individual shares are price foundations of mutual funds, portfolios and index futures (Black, 1986). Therefore, the entire financial market depends on liquidity in individual assets provided b y noise traders. Second, noise traders can maintain a large price impact. According to an empirical research on on Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P500 returns, the price impact of rational sentiments is greater than that of irrational sentiments (Verma et al, 2008).Verma et al (2008) also argue that stock market returns have a immediate and positive response to noise trading. Therefore, it seems clear that noise trading is the essential ingredient in financial market since it is beneficial for market liquidity and it has huge price impact on stocks. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated that in spite of the basic model significance, traditional financial theory’s rational investors assumption is unrealistic. Noise traders can survive in the long run, and may even earn higher expected returns than rational investors.Noise trading is indispensable component of financial market, and has significant effects on asset pricing and benefits for market liquidity. T he financial market equilibrium is achieved by the coexist of noise traders and rational traders. However, the existing theories are not enough to fully explain every aspects of this extremely sophisticated financial system. There still remains a large number of puzzles and anomalies for us to further explore. 6. Reference Ahsan, M. , â€Å"Where Was the Invisible Hand during the Crash? † Economic Insights–Trends and Challenges, 2012, Vol. , pp. 44 – 52 Black. F. , â€Å"Noise. † The Journal of Finance, 1986, Vol. 3, pp. 529-543 Carty, C. M. , â€Å"Do Investors Make Rational Or Emotional Decisions? † Financial Advisor, 2005, May issue, see also http://financialadvisormagazine. com/component/content/article/1115. html? issue=56&magazineID=1&Itemid=73 De Long, J. B. , Shleifer, A. , Summers, L. , and Waldmann, R. â€Å"Noise Trader Risk in Financial Markets. † Journal of Political Economy, 1990(98) De Long, J. B. , Shleifer, A. , Summers, L. , and Waldmann, R. â€Å"The Survival of Noise Traders in Financial Markets. The Journal of Business, 1991, vol. 64 Fama, E. F. , â€Å"Random Walks in Stock Market Prices. † Financial Analysts Journal, 1965, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 34-105 Friedman, M. ,†The Case For Flexible Exchange Rates. † Essays in Positive Economics, 1953, Chicago: Chicago University Press Grossman, J. , Stiglitz, J. , â€Å"On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets†. American Economic Review, 1980, 70 (3): 393–408 Kyle, A. S. , â€Å"Continuous Auctions and Insider Trading. † Econometrica, 1985, vol. 53, pp. 1315-1336 Palomino, F. â€Å"Noise Trading in Small Markets†, Journal of Finance, 1996, vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 1537-1550 Shleifer, A. , La Porta, R. , Lopez-de-Silanes, F. , Vishny, R. , â€Å"Investor Protection and Corporate Governance. † Journal of Financial Economics, 2000(58), pp. 3-27 Verma, R. , Baklaci, H. , Soydemir. G. , â€Å"The impact of rational and irrational sentiments of individual and institutional investors on DJIA and S&P500 index returns. † Applied Financial Economics, 2008(18), pp. 1303–1317 â€Å"Efficient Market Hypothesis – EMH†, http://www. investopedia. com/terms/e/efficientmarkethypothesis. asp#axzz26ppseTGk

Introduction to Forensic Science

1. What is the NIBIN? NIBIN is the National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network that was created by the FBI and the ATF in 1999. 2. What is rifling? What two types of markings does this produce? Rifling is when each gun is given spiral grooves by the manufacturer. The spiral grooves are cut into the barrel of a gun in order to make a bullet spin as it is fired. Rifling produces grooves and lands. 3. What is a distance determination? How is this done? A distance determination is the process of estimating the distance between where a shot is fired and its target.This is often done by looking at the patterns of powder residue and the shot pattern. 4. What is the Greiss Test? The Greiss Test uses chemicals to develop gunpowder residue patterns, particularly around bullet holes. 5. When a bullet is retrieved, how is it marked for identification purposes? What should be avoided? Once a bullet has been retrieved, it is usually marked with the investigator's initials, often at the ti p or base of the bullet. The sides of the bullet should not be marked.Care has to be taken that this mark does not cover or obscure any striations or markings on the bullet. Critical Thinking Questions 1. If you found a firearm at a crime scene, what steps would you take in order to transport the weapon to the lab? First, I would make a note about the position of the gun’s safety and hammer. Then, I would need to unload the gun before it is transported or handled in analysis. Finally, I would take each round from the firearm and place it in a separate envelope. 2. Why do you think it might be useful to know the distance between a gun fired and its target?It would be useful to know the distance because if you know the distance, you might be able to find more clues as to who committed the crime based on where they shot the victim. 3. If you were in charge of retrieving bullets at a crime scene, what steps would you take to retrieve a bullet and take it to the crime lab? If I we re in charge of retrieving bullets at a crime scene I would first have to find a way to remove the bullet out while preserving any possible markings on the bullet. Then the bullets can be placed into a marked container for identification purposes.Then to transport the bullet to the crime laboratory, I’d wrap the bullet in tissue paper and placed in an envelope or pillbox. I would have to be careful with the handling and packaging of the bullet, because I would have to be careful to preserve any trace evidence that might be present on the bullet. 4. What are some of the challenges in analyzing tool marks? Some of the challenges in analyzing tool marks is it is difficult to duplicate the mark left by tools through tests in the laboratory and tool marks may not always give individual characteristics. 5. What is the Doppler Effect?How can the Doppler Effect be useful for a forensic investigation involving a shooting? It is important for a forensic scientist to determine the dista nce from a gun to a shooter because in some cases a defendant accused of murder may say that the shooting happened in self-defense. Figuring out the distance between the two individuals may give an indication of whether the defendant is telling the truth or not. Similarly, knowing an approximate distance of a shot can help forensic scientists determine if a death was a suicide or a homicide made to look like a suicide. Introduction to Forensic Science 1. What is the NIBIN? NIBIN is the National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network that was created by the FBI and the ATF in 1999.2. What is rifling? What two types of markings does this produce? Rifling is when each gun is given spiral grooves by the manufacturer. The spiral grooves are cut into the barrel of a gun in order to make a bullet spin as it is fired. Rifling produces grooves and lands.3. What is a distance determination? How is this done? A distance determination is the process of estimating the distance between where a shot is fired and its target. This is often done by looking at the patterns of powder residue and the shot pattern.4. What is the Greiss Test? The Greiss Test uses chemicals to develop gunpowder residue patterns, particularly around bullet holes.5. When a bullet is retrieved, how is it marked for identification purposes? What should be avoided? Once a bullet has been retrieved, it is usually marked with the investigator's initials, often at the tip o r base of the bullet. The sides of the bullet should not be marked. Care has to be taken that this mark does not cover or obscure any striations or markings on the bullet. Critical Thinking Questions1. If you found a firearm at a crime scene, what steps would you take in order to transport the weapon to the lab? First, I would make a note about the position of the gun’s safety and hammer. Then, I would need to unload the gun before it is transported or handled in analysis. Finally, I would take each round from the firearm and place it in a separate envelope.2. Why do you think it might be useful to know the distance between a gun fired and its target? It would be useful to know the distance because if you know the distance, you might be able to find more clues as to who committed the crime based on where they shot the victim.3. If you were in charge of retrieving bullets at a crime scene, what steps would you take to retrieve a bullet and take it to the crime lab? If I were i n charge of retrieving bullets at a crime scene I would first have to find a way to remove the bullet out while preserving any possible markings on the bullet. Then the bullets can be placed into a marked container for identification purposes. Then to transport the bullet to the crime laboratory, I’d wrap the bullet in tissue  paper and placed in an envelope or pillbox. I would have to be careful with the handling and packaging of the bullet, because I would have to be careful to preserve any trace evidence that might be present on the bullet.4. What are some of the challenges in analyzing tool marks?  Some of the challenges in analyzing tool marks is it is difficult to duplicate the mark left by tools through tests in the laboratory and tool marks may not always give individual characteristics.5. What is the Doppler Effect? How can the Doppler Effect be useful for a forensic investigation involving a shooting? It is important for a forensic scientist to determine the dis tance from a gun to a shooter because in some cases a defendant accused of murder may say that the shooting happened in self-defense. Figuring out the distance between the two individuals may give an indication of whether the defendant is telling the truth or not. Similarly, knowing an approximate distance of a shot can help forensic scientists determine if a death was a suicide or a homicide made to look like a suicide.

Stages of an Interpersonal Relationship - 2949 Words

| Stages of an Interpersonal Relationship | A Story of Randi and Georgia | Interpersonal Communications 08/18/12 | Abstract Communication is only as effective as the relationship of the participants. The interpersonal relationship of the participants is the core factor in having true communication. Most feel that the relationship is between two people however it is more than that. A relationship involves building and maintaining a bond of trust and transparency. The development of interpersonal relationship involves the initiation, development and maintenance of the relationship. The ability to identify and control the deterioration of the relationship will determine whether the relationship†¦show more content†¦Georgia was a very forward type of person she always had an opinion and she was always right. She didn’t really look at the other person to see what was really going on with them. Georgia would flit from one thing to the next all that mattered was that she had her way. The common factor for these two women was that they loved the Lord. This commonality made these two different personalities bond and grow into a close friendship. Involvement stage In the second stage of the interpersonal relationship, good communication skills become even more important. It is at this stage that trust in the relationship is developed and strengthened. Trust is important in that it will affect how conflict is handled. Conflict is an inevitable component of a relationship. â€Å"Everyone deals with conflict on a regular basis. However, it is your conflict resolution skills that enable you to gain a deeper understanding of yourself and build more trusting relationships† (Butler, 2010). In the involvement stage the connection between you becomes more personal. During this stage as we build trust we test the waters so to speak to discover the boundaries within the relationship. Devito suggests these five ways we use to see where the relationship is. 1. 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