Can Noise Traders Survive

Discuss the implications of the paradox that although financial theory assumes that investors are rational in practive, few if any investors appear to approach investments decisions in a rational manner. Can Noise Traders Survive? 1. Introduction Noise Trader is a financial term introduced by Kyle (1985) and Black (1986). It refers to a stock trader who lacks access to inside information and makes irrational investment decisions (De Long et al. , 1990). Traditional financial theories are often based on the assumption that all the investors are rational.The burgeoning behavioral finance departs from classical financial theory by dropping this basic assumption (Carty, 2005). In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying the behaviour and effects of noise traders. Friedman (1953) and Fama (1965) argue that noise traders are irrelevant because they will be driven out of market by rational investors who trade against them. On the contrary, Black (1986) argues that noise t raders can survive in the long run, and the entire financial market cannot function properly without noise traders.This essay will attempt to demonstrate that noise traders can make profits and survive in the long run, they can maintain a price impact and provide liquidity to the market. In order to demonstrate this, first, this essay will be specifically focusing on efficient-market hypothesis (EMH), which is a representative traditional financial theory based on rational investors assumption. Both empirical and theoretical evidence will be given in order to demonstrate the discrepancy between the rational investors assumption and real financial markets.Second, this essay will further explain how noise traders can survive in the long run, even sometimes earn higher expected returns than rational investors. Finally, it should be noted that noise trading is essential to financial market as its impact on asset pricing and benefits for market liquidity. 2. Illogicality of efficient-mar ket hypothesis Efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) assumes that financial markets are â€Å"informationally efficient† (Fama, 1965). All investors can make rational investment decisions based on full disclosure of information.Their argument against the importance of noise traders points out that if the price of an asset diverges from its fundamental value, rational arbitrageurs will buy the undervalued shares on one exchange while sell the same amount of overvalued shares on another exchange (Shleifer, 2000). The actions of rational arbitrageurs will drive the price back to its fundamental value. In the long run, therefore, noise traders will consistently lose money to rational arbitrageurs, thus eventually disappear from the market (De Long et al. , 1990).In order words, noise traders cannot survive in the financial market because their expected returns are negative. However, although efficient-market hypothesis is a cornerstone of modern financial theory, it is often disputed by investors and researchers both empirically and theoretically. The theoretical paradox of EMH and empirical evidence against EMH in real financial markets will be further explained by the following examples. The Grossman-Stiglitz paradox (Grossman and Stiglitz, 1980) testifies that financial market can not be â€Å"informationally efficient†.Grossman and Stiglitz argue that †because information is costly, prices cannot perfectly reflect the information which is available, since if it did, those who spent resources to obtain it would receive no compensation† (Grossman and Stiglitz, 1980, p. 405 ). If a market is informationally efficient, it means that all relevant information is reflected in market prices. Therefore there is no incentive to collect the information. However, if no one will pay to collect the information, the information then can not reflect in the prices.In summary, The Grossman-Stiglitz paradox contradicts efficient-market hypothesis, which mig ht prove that efficient-market is not the real feature of financial market. There are also other paradoxes that are seemingly impossible to explain according to efficient-market hypothesis. From the perspective of rational arbitrageurs, if noise traders are all eventually driven out of markets, there will be no price discrepancies for arbitrage. Thus the rational arbitrageurs will also disappear from the markets. In that case, how can the markets maintain a non-arbitrage equilibrium?From the perspective of noise traders, if noise traders are all driven out of markets, how do the markets generate the original noise traders? It seems clear that those two paradoxes serve as evidence of the existence of noise traders. Efficient-market hypothesis also states that it is impossible for investors to consistently out-perform the average market returns, or in other words, â€Å"beat the market†, because the market price is generally equal to or close to the fair value (Fama, 1965). It is impossible, therefore, for investors to earn higher returns through purchasing undervalued stocks.Investors can only increase their profits by trading riskier stocks (http://www. investopedia. com/). However, empirically speaking, there is a large quantity of real financial examples to support that stocks are not always traded at their fair value. On Monday October 19, 1987, the financial markets around the world fell by over 20%, shedding a huge value in a single day (Ahsan, 2012). It serves as example that market price can diverge significantly from its fair value. In addition, Warren Buffett has consistently beaten the market over a long period of time, which also contradicts efficient-market hypothesis (http://www. nvestopedia. com/). Thus, the two empirical examples above show that there is a huge discrepancy between real financial markets and efficient-market hypothesis rational investors assumption. However, how do noise traders survive from rational investors and arbitrag eurs? 3. Explanation of noise traders’ survival The DSSW model (De Long et. al. , 1990) further explains how noise traders can exist in the long run. The efficient-market hypothesis argues that if asset price diverges from its fair value by noise traders, rational arbitrageurs will trade against them hence push the price back to its fair value.However, it is far from the truth in real financial market. If noise traders are too optimistic about stock and have raised up the price of the stock from its fundamental value, an arbitrageur will bear huge risk selling the stock because noise traders optimistic beliefs will not change for a long time, thus the price will not return, or be pushed up even further by noise traders (De Long et. al. , 1990). The risk rational arbitrageurs bears trying to change noise traders’ opinions is named â€Å"noise trader risk†. Since rational arbitrageurs are risk-averse, the noise trader risk will limit their willingness to trade aga inst noise traders.De Long et. al (1990) argue that â€Å"the arbitrage does not eliminate the effects of noise because noise itself creates risk. † Therefore the noise traders can exist in the long run. De Long et. al (1990) also argue that noise traders may even earn higher expected returns than rational investors. If noise traders are over bullish about an asset and invest more, it means they bring additional noise trader risk into the asset, therefore rational arbitrageurs will find the asset less attractive because arbitrageurs are risk-averse investors.Noise traders, especially those overconfident investors, invest more in the risky asset than rational investors. Overconfident traders take on more risk and hence earn higher profits than their rational counterparts. De Long et. al (1990) say that â€Å"noise traders can earn higher expected returns solely by bearing more of the risk that they themselves create†. It is reasonable to conclude that noise traders can survive in the long tun and may even make more profits than rational investors. This may lead us to ask is there any significance of noise traders existing in financial markets? . Significance of noise traders The significance of noise traders can be divided into two parts, namely the benefits for market liquidity and the impact on asset prices. First, noise trader is the indispensable component of financial market. Black (1986) argues that if all investors are rational, there will be very little trading in individual assets. It means there is no incentives for investors to trade in the shares of an individual firm against those who share the same information and same beliefs on the stock.Traders will invest in mutual funds, or portfolios, or index futures instead of individual firms. However, individual shares are price foundations of mutual funds, portfolios and index futures (Black, 1986). Therefore, the entire financial market depends on liquidity in individual assets provided b y noise traders. Second, noise traders can maintain a large price impact. According to an empirical research on on Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P500 returns, the price impact of rational sentiments is greater than that of irrational sentiments (Verma et al, 2008).Verma et al (2008) also argue that stock market returns have a immediate and positive response to noise trading. Therefore, it seems clear that noise trading is the essential ingredient in financial market since it is beneficial for market liquidity and it has huge price impact on stocks. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated that in spite of the basic model significance, traditional financial theory’s rational investors assumption is unrealistic. Noise traders can survive in the long run, and may even earn higher expected returns than rational investors.Noise trading is indispensable component of financial market, and has significant effects on asset pricing and benefits for market liquidity. T he financial market equilibrium is achieved by the coexist of noise traders and rational traders. However, the existing theories are not enough to fully explain every aspects of this extremely sophisticated financial system. There still remains a large number of puzzles and anomalies for us to further explore. 6. Reference Ahsan, M. , â€Å"Where Was the Invisible Hand during the Crash? † Economic Insights–Trends and Challenges, 2012, Vol. , pp. 44 – 52 Black. F. , â€Å"Noise. † The Journal of Finance, 1986, Vol. 3, pp. 529-543 Carty, C. M. , â€Å"Do Investors Make Rational Or Emotional Decisions? † Financial Advisor, 2005, May issue, see also http://financialadvisormagazine. com/component/content/article/1115. html? issue=56&magazineID=1&Itemid=73 De Long, J. B. , Shleifer, A. , Summers, L. , and Waldmann, R. â€Å"Noise Trader Risk in Financial Markets. † Journal of Political Economy, 1990(98) De Long, J. B. , Shleifer, A. , Summers, L. , and Waldmann, R. â€Å"The Survival of Noise Traders in Financial Markets. The Journal of Business, 1991, vol. 64 Fama, E. F. , â€Å"Random Walks in Stock Market Prices. † Financial Analysts Journal, 1965, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 34-105 Friedman, M. ,†The Case For Flexible Exchange Rates. † Essays in Positive Economics, 1953, Chicago: Chicago University Press Grossman, J. , Stiglitz, J. , â€Å"On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets†. American Economic Review, 1980, 70 (3): 393–408 Kyle, A. S. , â€Å"Continuous Auctions and Insider Trading. † Econometrica, 1985, vol. 53, pp. 1315-1336 Palomino, F. â€Å"Noise Trading in Small Markets†, Journal of Finance, 1996, vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 1537-1550 Shleifer, A. , La Porta, R. , Lopez-de-Silanes, F. , Vishny, R. , â€Å"Investor Protection and Corporate Governance. † Journal of Financial Economics, 2000(58), pp. 3-27 Verma, R. , Baklaci, H. , Soydemir. G. , â€Å"The impact of rational and irrational sentiments of individual and institutional investors on DJIA and S&P500 index returns. † Applied Financial Economics, 2008(18), pp. 1303–1317 â€Å"Efficient Market Hypothesis – EMH†, http://www. investopedia. com/terms/e/efficientmarkethypothesis. asp#axzz26ppseTGk

Introduction to Forensic Science

1. What is the NIBIN? NIBIN is the National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network that was created by the FBI and the ATF in 1999. 2. What is rifling? What two types of markings does this produce? Rifling is when each gun is given spiral grooves by the manufacturer. The spiral grooves are cut into the barrel of a gun in order to make a bullet spin as it is fired. Rifling produces grooves and lands. 3. What is a distance determination? How is this done? A distance determination is the process of estimating the distance between where a shot is fired and its target.This is often done by looking at the patterns of powder residue and the shot pattern. 4. What is the Greiss Test? The Greiss Test uses chemicals to develop gunpowder residue patterns, particularly around bullet holes. 5. When a bullet is retrieved, how is it marked for identification purposes? What should be avoided? Once a bullet has been retrieved, it is usually marked with the investigator's initials, often at the ti p or base of the bullet. The sides of the bullet should not be marked.Care has to be taken that this mark does not cover or obscure any striations or markings on the bullet. Critical Thinking Questions 1. If you found a firearm at a crime scene, what steps would you take in order to transport the weapon to the lab? First, I would make a note about the position of the gun’s safety and hammer. Then, I would need to unload the gun before it is transported or handled in analysis. Finally, I would take each round from the firearm and place it in a separate envelope. 2. Why do you think it might be useful to know the distance between a gun fired and its target?It would be useful to know the distance because if you know the distance, you might be able to find more clues as to who committed the crime based on where they shot the victim. 3. If you were in charge of retrieving bullets at a crime scene, what steps would you take to retrieve a bullet and take it to the crime lab? If I we re in charge of retrieving bullets at a crime scene I would first have to find a way to remove the bullet out while preserving any possible markings on the bullet. Then the bullets can be placed into a marked container for identification purposes.Then to transport the bullet to the crime laboratory, I’d wrap the bullet in tissue paper and placed in an envelope or pillbox. I would have to be careful with the handling and packaging of the bullet, because I would have to be careful to preserve any trace evidence that might be present on the bullet. 4. What are some of the challenges in analyzing tool marks? Some of the challenges in analyzing tool marks is it is difficult to duplicate the mark left by tools through tests in the laboratory and tool marks may not always give individual characteristics. 5. What is the Doppler Effect?How can the Doppler Effect be useful for a forensic investigation involving a shooting? It is important for a forensic scientist to determine the dista nce from a gun to a shooter because in some cases a defendant accused of murder may say that the shooting happened in self-defense. Figuring out the distance between the two individuals may give an indication of whether the defendant is telling the truth or not. Similarly, knowing an approximate distance of a shot can help forensic scientists determine if a death was a suicide or a homicide made to look like a suicide. Introduction to Forensic Science 1. What is the NIBIN? NIBIN is the National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network that was created by the FBI and the ATF in 1999.2. What is rifling? What two types of markings does this produce? Rifling is when each gun is given spiral grooves by the manufacturer. The spiral grooves are cut into the barrel of a gun in order to make a bullet spin as it is fired. Rifling produces grooves and lands.3. What is a distance determination? How is this done? A distance determination is the process of estimating the distance between where a shot is fired and its target. This is often done by looking at the patterns of powder residue and the shot pattern.4. What is the Greiss Test? The Greiss Test uses chemicals to develop gunpowder residue patterns, particularly around bullet holes.5. When a bullet is retrieved, how is it marked for identification purposes? What should be avoided? Once a bullet has been retrieved, it is usually marked with the investigator's initials, often at the tip o r base of the bullet. The sides of the bullet should not be marked. Care has to be taken that this mark does not cover or obscure any striations or markings on the bullet. Critical Thinking Questions1. If you found a firearm at a crime scene, what steps would you take in order to transport the weapon to the lab? First, I would make a note about the position of the gun’s safety and hammer. Then, I would need to unload the gun before it is transported or handled in analysis. Finally, I would take each round from the firearm and place it in a separate envelope.2. Why do you think it might be useful to know the distance between a gun fired and its target? It would be useful to know the distance because if you know the distance, you might be able to find more clues as to who committed the crime based on where they shot the victim.3. If you were in charge of retrieving bullets at a crime scene, what steps would you take to retrieve a bullet and take it to the crime lab? If I were i n charge of retrieving bullets at a crime scene I would first have to find a way to remove the bullet out while preserving any possible markings on the bullet. Then the bullets can be placed into a marked container for identification purposes. Then to transport the bullet to the crime laboratory, I’d wrap the bullet in tissue  paper and placed in an envelope or pillbox. I would have to be careful with the handling and packaging of the bullet, because I would have to be careful to preserve any trace evidence that might be present on the bullet.4. What are some of the challenges in analyzing tool marks?  Some of the challenges in analyzing tool marks is it is difficult to duplicate the mark left by tools through tests in the laboratory and tool marks may not always give individual characteristics.5. What is the Doppler Effect? How can the Doppler Effect be useful for a forensic investigation involving a shooting? It is important for a forensic scientist to determine the dis tance from a gun to a shooter because in some cases a defendant accused of murder may say that the shooting happened in self-defense. Figuring out the distance between the two individuals may give an indication of whether the defendant is telling the truth or not. Similarly, knowing an approximate distance of a shot can help forensic scientists determine if a death was a suicide or a homicide made to look like a suicide.

Stages of an Interpersonal Relationship - 2949 Words

| Stages of an Interpersonal Relationship | A Story of Randi and Georgia | Interpersonal Communications 08/18/12 | Abstract Communication is only as effective as the relationship of the participants. The interpersonal relationship of the participants is the core factor in having true communication. Most feel that the relationship is between two people however it is more than that. A relationship involves building and maintaining a bond of trust and transparency. The development of interpersonal relationship involves the initiation, development and maintenance of the relationship. The ability to identify and control the deterioration of the relationship will determine whether the relationship†¦show more content†¦Georgia was a very forward type of person she always had an opinion and she was always right. She didn’t really look at the other person to see what was really going on with them. Georgia would flit from one thing to the next all that mattered was that she had her way. The common factor for these two women was that they loved the Lord. This commonality made these two different personalities bond and grow into a close friendship. Involvement stage In the second stage of the interpersonal relationship, good communication skills become even more important. It is at this stage that trust in the relationship is developed and strengthened. Trust is important in that it will affect how conflict is handled. Conflict is an inevitable component of a relationship. â€Å"Everyone deals with conflict on a regular basis. However, it is your conflict resolution skills that enable you to gain a deeper understanding of yourself and build more trusting relationships† (Butler, 2010). In the involvement stage the connection between you becomes more personal. During this stage as we build trust we test the waters so to speak to discover the boundaries within the relationship. Devito suggests these five ways we use to see where the relationship is. 1. Directness – You ask the person direct questions on what he or she feels about different topics. 2. Indirect suggestions – You hint at subjects or joke around 3. Public presentation – You introduce your partner with a certainShow MoreRelatedFive Stages of Interpersonal Relationships Essay example960 Words   |  4 Pagesinterview was with, Jennifer she is a married 29 year old, with one child. They have been married for five years. The relationship she is in seems to fall right into place with the five stages of interpersonal relationships that are in the book: Contact, involvement, intimacy, deterioration, and repair. The relationship seems to be built on a solid foundation of trust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The relationship started when the two met in college. The attraction theory was in effect when she saw his muscular body and greatRead MoreThe Battle Of The Imperial Client And Counseling The Interpersonal Client999 Words   |  4 PagesThe means for which one should go about counseling the imperial client and counseling the interpersonal client should differ greatly as people functioning at these stages using Kegan’s subject-object theory are fundamentally different in their characteristics, cognitive limitations, and strengths. Children or adults function at the imperial stage are subject to their needs, interest, wishes, and enduring dispositions while making impulse and perception object. Where the imperial client has a self-conceptRead MoreInterpersonal Relationship Between My Father And I Had1737 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract In this Interpersonal relationship analysis, I will be analyzing the Interpersonal relationship that my father and I had. I will give a little background on the relationship which we had, explain how the different concepts that we have covered in our class effected our relationship, through research and interviews conducted, and conclude with how the lessons learned from and through the relationship we had are still present today, even though my father is no longer alive. There are severalRead MoreThe Social Penetration Theory the Uncertain Reduction Theory Implications on the Sales Process1334 Words   |  6 Pageswhen arriving to new a destination or more commonly when meeting a new person. In order to reduce the unpleasant feeling, people tend to seek information about the uncertain and by that creating more comfortable feelings, and more predictable relationships in case of communication with other people. â€Å"Coping with uncertainty is a central issue in any face-to-face e ncounter, whether interactants are conscious of this fact or not† (Uncertainty Reduction Theory Then and Now. Charles R. Berger), butRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Interpersonal Relationships1100 Words   |  5 Pagesthe impact that social media and technology have had on human interpersonal relationships a perspective into the theories of interpersonal relations might be of help. First of all, the very basic definition of Interpersonal relationships are the social connections that we make with others. As human beings we have a multitude of interpersonal relationships; family, friends, love interests, marriage and fellow workers. These relationships can be short lived, casual or long lasting but there are someRead MoreKnapp Relational Model Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesKnapp’s Relational Model is the holy grail when it comes to interpersonal relationships, whether they be new or old. The model defines different stages of a relationship and at which one†™s the relationship is coming together or falling apart. 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I chose to do an interpersonal communication analysisRead MoreInterpersonal Relationships Analysis1607 Words   |  7 PagesInterpersonal Relationships Analysis This comprehensive analysis determines the concepts, components, and elements of interpersonal relationships. The concept of attraction foundations shows four different stages of attraction beginning with social and interpersonal communication skills forming a bond between two people. The social environment promotes building of interpersonal relationships for both the professional and private environments. The unique exchanges between interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreInterpersonal Relationships928 Words   |  4 PagesStages of interpersonal relationships 1.Acquaintance This refers to knowing each other, to start relationships you must know each other well. The message usually falls on introduction, knowing the background and interests of the other person. 2. The buildup stage This is a stage when the relationship starts to grow. Two individuals are no longer strangers and trust each other. The message portrayed is characterized by the two individuals coming close, being passionate and develop feelings for eachRead MoreThe Effects Of Inappropriate Interpersonal Communication On Health And Social Care Settings1210 Words   |  5 Pagesmethods of dealing with inappropriate interpersonal communication between individuals in health and social care settings. I am reviewing the methods how to use interpersonal communication to deal with individuals in health and social care settings. Interpersonal communication is defined as the verbal and non-verbal interaction between two interdependent people (occasionally more). This comparatively is an easy definition suggests a variety of properties. Interpersonal communication process by replacing

Romanticism The Power Of Imagination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 887 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Art Essay Level High school Topics: Romanticism Essay Did you like this example? Romanticism The word romanticism was initially used to describe new ideas in literature and painting. Afterward, the term Romanticism stood for the most famous intellectual movement that originally generated in Europe toward the end of the eighteenth century (Cranston M. W., Cranston, 1994). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Romanticism: The Power Of Imagination" essay for you Create order At the end of the eighteenth century and well into the nineteenth century, romanticism rapidly spread throughout Europe and the United States to challenge the rational concept held so tightly within the Enlightenment, the former intellectual and philosophical movement that contained a range of ideas centered on reason as the fundamental source of authority and legitimacy. Romanticism embraced subjectivity and individuality opposing to the excessive insistence on logical thoughts. That is, the emphasis changed into the significance of the individualrs experience in the world and the interpretation of it, rather than interpretations declared by tradition or church. With its emphasis on the emotion and imagination, Romanticist participants began exploring various psychological and emotional states as well as moods. Moreover, they found their voices across many genres, including music, art, and architecture (Rebecca S., 2018). The word Romanticism can be defined as a conduct which strong ly emphasizes and express the individualrs emotions and innovations. Some reasons and background are supporting why romanticism can be categorized in this way. One of the first important applications of the term romanticism to music was in 1789, in the Memoires by the Frenchman Andre Gretry. It was E.T.A. Hoffmann who set up the principles of musical romanticism, in an 1813 article on Beethovenrs instrumental music, and in a review of Ludwig van Beethovens Fifth Symphony published in 1810. It was Hoffmannrs combination of ideas already associated with the term Romantic, used in opposition to the formality and restraint of classical forms, elevating music, and especially instrumental music, to a dominant position in Romanticism. Romantic music was regarded as the art most suited to the expressions of emotions. During the romantic period, the form of music became more expressive, coping with the artistic, literary, and philosophical themes of the time. Motivated by this fact, some researchers examined the hypnosis that minor-mode music from the period of romanticism is more likely to perform louder dynamic levels than music composed within th e classical period. In addition to conveying passive emotions, the minor mode was more likely to be used to express effects that are related to higher dynamic levels, for instance, seriousness, passion or aggression (Ladinig, O., Huron, D.,2010). On the other hand, The composers who are extensively regarded as representation in romantic music, such as Schubert and Schumann, sometimes apply quite conventional formal structures to certain genres. For instance, a book written by Nicholas Saul indicates a point. The movements of Schubertrs piano sonatas frequently follow the pattern of exposition (initial statement of the thematic material) development (variation of the initial thematic material), and recapitulation (return of the initial thematic material (Bowie, A., 2009, P.244). Still, the pattern within the section of the form can be incredibly innovative and expressive. During the romantic period, the composers found a way to convey their state of emotions. That is, making their musical works became em otionally expressive. When the words Romantic art are mentioned, people might associate the meaning of words with love matters. While it is inappropriate for romantic arts to be defined in this way. Defining romanticism is not an easy work, but there are some main characteristics of romantic painting that can be identified. The application of the word Romance within artistic fields simply infers emotional art. Emphasizing on emotions is one of the typical romantic art perspectives. Take romanticism of portraits as an example, those portraits which were created within the romantic period were brought to life by giving the person eyes such as mirrors of the soul, a grimace, a smile, or a certain tile of the head. Moreover, the artists portrayed their subject describing madness, innocence, loneliness, virtue, greed or altruism by making use of the magic of brushes. The power of nature is another romantic arts characteristic. The artists greatly revered the power and mystery of nature, trying to reproduce its fascinating majesty on the canvas. There are many topics of natural disasters in romantic paintings, for instance, blizzards, fires, and volcanos. Take an art display called Calais Pier painted by JMW Turner, for example, this painting depicts the shipwrecks which are overshadowed by the swirling waves and the ominous sky (Victorian Era, 2018). Concerning about romanticism of art, the features is not only highly emotional expression but also exaggeratedly displayed power of nature. Romanticism roused past styles in architecture, such as the Gothic style, which was originated in the mid- nineteen-century Gothic Revival. Other types of romantic architecture are illustrated in a variety of styles regarded as exotic since their replacement into a foreign setting in a more fanciful, less accurate format. Examples of exotic architectural styles include Egyptian-influenced homes, Asian-styled homes, and even Swiss chalets. These kinds of homes contain such exotic elements as Egyptian columns and small sphinx sculptures, or Japanese-inspired rooflines, or a Swiss chalet A-frame as a decorative overlay to the traditional European building type (Academic, 2008). In conclusion, romanticism is the name initially given to a movement in many artistic fields. As time passed on, the primary meaning of the word Romanticism gradually changed, emphasizing on the power of imagination, and the source of inspiration.

Ban Smoking The Clean Indoor Air Act - 940 Words

Introduction People are educated that smoking is not harming smoker’s health only, but also people who are around smokers. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has a research stating that 18 of every hundred adults in the U.S. currently smoke cigarettes, causing more than 480,000 deaths every year (â€Å"Current Cigarette Smoking†). There are health issues that occur with smokers and passive smokers. The Clean Indoor Air Act was amended in Washington State on November 8, 2005 in order to protect residents’ health, prohibiting â€Å"smoking within 25 feet of entrances, exits, windows that open, and ventilation intakes that serve enclosed areas where smoking is prohibited† (â€Å"Smoking in Public Places Law†). People are not allowed to smoke inside of buildings according to this law, but people are still getting harmed. When they walk on sidewalks and in public space, they are exposed to smoke. And these situation are also exist in South Seattle Col lege. Therefore, South Seattle College should ban smoking in all forms on its campus for people’s health at school, for campus environment and also the cost related involved in health care and purchasing. Health Many health issues are caused by smoking. For example, smokers can get lung cancer, strokes, and heart disease. It can also cause a constant cough that may last all day. Lung cancer is the significant illness that is usually caused by smoking. It is also a painful way of dying because patients will feel enormous pain whenShow MoreRelatedCoffee and Cigarettes: Second-Hand Smoke and Smoke Free Law Summary and Questions855 Words   |  4 PagesJoshua allowed smoking inside the bar and the patio that surrounded the open air layout of the corner location, because he wanted his customers to feel comfortable. Pennsylvanians are known for being vocal about their personal and political rights, but in September of 2008 the state passed the Pennsylvania Clean Indoor Air Act, which prohibited the smoking of tobacco products in most indoor public places. This included a provision that allowed businesses to offer outdoor smoking on all patios,Read MorePersuasive Essay on Smoking883 Words   |  4 Pages      The Adversities of Smoking. Smoking and even second hand smoking can lead to fatal diseases such as, lung cancer, cancer of the larynx, esophagus, and bladder diseases. http://www1.umn.edu/perio ltobacco/secondhandsmoke.html / smoking is hazardous enough to an individual’s health and it’s even more disturbing when people are exposed to dangers caused by smoking. The tobacco company however, had thought false labeling would help the situation when all it has done is worsen the case. The tobaccoRead MoreAir Pollution Is A Serious Problem1507 Words   |  7 PagesAir pollution is a serious problem in our society that damages many things such as crops, trees, plants, and natural resources. Air pollution can be indoor or outdoors, when people smoke or vehicles exhaust pollutes the air. It is an additional harmful substance that damages environment, human health, and quality of life. The state of Minnesota has taken this into consideration and decided to protect its residence and visitor’s well- being and health. As stated in the Minnesota Department of HealthRead MoreThe Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On The Environment920 Words   |  4 PagesCigarette smoking has affected the environment negatively, as well (Novotny). Discarded cigarette butts can be seen off the streets, sidewalks, beaches, or other open areas (Novotny). Even though a single discarded cigarette filter has minimal impact on the environment, United States had manufactured 1.35 trillion of filtered cigarettes in 2007 and 360 billion of them were consumed (Novotny). According to Ocean Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup, these wastes are the most littered and collectedRead MoreThe Lack Of Regulation From The Food And Drug Administration ( Fda ) On Electronic Cigarette Products2292 Words   |  10 Pagesregulation from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on electronic cigarette products is creating a desire for state and local governments to enact laws aimed to address their usage (Balakit, 2014). In Marylan d, House Bill 0026, Clean Indoor Air Act – Use of Electronic Smoking Devices – Prohibition, was intended to make the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), â€Å"battery-operated devices that contain nicotine cartridges and other chemicals,† illegal in public places (Subramaniam, 2015, p. 2).Read MorePersuasive Essay Smoking995 Words   |  4 Pagesstill chose to do it. Smoking is a force of habit, it is a choice a person makes either to participate or not but it becomes outrageously addictive. The person choosing to smoke may not realize that they are not just harming themselves but they are also harming the ones surrounded by them. It has a negative effect on the people around the smoker because when the nicotine gets in the air it becomes hard to breathe and it travels amongst people faster than they realize. Smoking should be banned in allRead MoreBackground. â€Å"The Tobacco Control And Regulation Of Tobacco1860 Words   |  8 PagesAdvertisingâ⠂¬  is the Lebanon’s smoking ban stated in number 174 of the law which bans smoking in enclosed public areas such as cafes, restaurants, bars, government buildings and offices. The law was signed by 126 out of 128 members of parliament in August 2011(initial ban) and the legislation was enacted in 2012. But this edict had never been applied due to weak rule of law and practically unstable country like Lebanon. PROBLEM The predicament upon not applying the indoor smoking law has so many seriousRead MoreSmoking Bans in Casinos Essay2144 Words   |  9 PagesNovember 2012 Smoking Bans in Casinos Las Vegas is often referred to as â€Å"Sin City†. People come here from all over the world to gamble, party, and enjoy the nightlife this city has to offer. Vacationers expect a crazy trip where â€Å"sinning† is the norm. Vegas is a place where you can get away from rules and laws, and many think they should be able to drink and smoke to their heart’s content. But recently, Vegas passed laws banning smoking in restaurants and taverns. These bans were quickly liftedRead MoreOver the years, there has been much debate about the ethical concerns of second-hand smoke.2400 Words   |  10 Pagesvoluntarily engaged in it. While acknowledging the selfish nature of second hand smoking, governments in various countries like Singapore have put in place smoke-free laws that restricts smokers from smoking in certain public places (Smoking prohibition, 2013). However, there are many outdoor areas, which the government cannot possibly ban as well, signalling that the e thical concerns of the smoke released from smoking cannot be eliminated. The introduction of e-cigarettes was intended to reduceRead MoreSmoking Bans Should Be Banned2047 Words   |  9 Pagessmokers in the United States stopped smoking in 2006, 2.8 million premature deaths would be prevented between then and 2025 (Kliff). Also, the money spent on health would decrease by $211 billion in that same time period (Kliff). The health benefits of smoking bans are unquestionable, but the other aspects of it are arguable. A popular belief is that restaurants who ban smoking will receive a considerably lesser amount of money than restaurants that do not ban smoking because smokers will not go to restaurants

To Save a Life free essay sample

Nine out of ten people when asked the simple question, â€Å"Would you rather save a life, or lose a life?† answer to â€Å"save a life.† Not many people can say that they helped save a life. However, if an opportunity presented itself would they say yes or no? I believe that everyone should be an organ donor because organ donation saves and enhances the lives of many patients. Without organ donation, I would not be in my first year of college. In fact, I would never have gone to kindergarten. Organ donations typically occur when a donor with healthy organs is pronounced brain dead donates their organs, often to save multiple lives. For many people at end-stage organ failure, an organ transplant is their only hope for survival. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing, there are currently 118,580 candidates in the U.S. on the waiting list, and an average of 22 people on the waiting list who die everyday waiting for their life-saving transplant. The number of donations needed surpasses the number of donors and organs available. Many people do not register to become a donor because they are not properly educated about organ donation or cannot be bothered to simply check the box when they are at the DMV. What many people do not realize is that not registering to become a donor does not mean their organs will not be donated. All the individual is saying is that if they become brain dead, the decision of donation will be left to their next of kin. However, if you do not tell your next of kin what you wish to happen to your body when you die they might not want to donate your organs because they will want to leave you untouched.When the decision is being made, it is during a very sad and morbid time that might prevent the kin from making the right decision to donate the organs. Organ donation is important to me is because ten days before my first birthday I received a lifesaving liver transplant. When I was four months old I was diagnosed with a disease called tyrosenemia, which caused my liver to become cirrhosised and enlarged. At my four-month-old checkup my doctor noticed that my abdominal region was distended. After a few doctors in her practice checked me out, they referred me to a specialist. This quick decision saved my life. The doctors sent me to a hematologist, a blood doctor, who found nothing wrong, so she sent me to a gastroenterologist, a digestion and liver doctor. After more tests, my parents were told that I had minimal liver function and should be admitted to Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia right away. For 14 days, all kinds of tests were run on me, but none were conclusive. Midway through the second week my parents were introduced to the transplant team as a â€Å"preliminary meeting.† It was explained that I was in liver failure and they running diagnostic testing; testing for disease in other organs began. In other words, was there a disease in my body that would attack the new liver? I had an MRI and a brain scan; if either test showed any disease, there would be no chance for transplantation. The next day my parents received great news. Both tests were negative, and I was diagnosed with tyrosenemia. Tyrosenemia is a rare disease, and given my state a transplant was the only cure. The doctors added my name to the waiting list. Tyrosenemia is a very aggressive disease that would likely cause liver cancer between my second and third birthday. Getting a liver quickly was a concern for my parents. On October 22, 1998, the doctors called and said that there might be a liver for me.My mom brought me to the hospital, and there was a liver. A couple minutes past midnight they wheeled me into the operating room. My first year and half of life included over three months in the hospital and over four weeks in the pediatric ICU. I respect everyone’s freedom to make their own choice about donation, and I understand that the people who are not organ donors have their reasons. However, a lot of people’s concerns stem from lack of education or incorrect information. A common concern is that medical personnel will not try to save them if they know they are a donor, and instead let them die so that they can save multiple people’s lives. Doctors take the Hippocratic Oath, which says that they will act ethically. Also, the only way to become a donor is to be brain dead. If the heart stops pumping blood through the body, then the organs are no longer viable for transplantation. Another common concern is whether one’s religion supports organ donation. Most religions see organ donation as giving a gift and partaking in a beautiful act of kindness. Yet another concern is how organ donation will affect the funeral. The service will be pushed back a few hours, and the family’s wishes will be respected. The family can still have an open casket funeral, and no one would able to tell if they were a donor by simply looking. As you can see, the concerns above are not valid reasons to not become a donor. Donors are well treated and save a life. My biggest push for organ donation is that it gives you the opportunity to continue to help people, while you no longer physically can. Saying yes to organ donation is like saying yes to giving the leftover food from your lunch that you are about to throw away. Throwing away the good and unused food from your lunch is like selfishly taking your organs to the grave with you. When you are buried with your healthy organs, which cannot do anything to help you since you are already dead. You are denying up to eight people the chance to live. Taking your organs to the grave with you is just as wasteful as throwing them away in the trash can. You get to decide where your organs go. Whether they go in the trash or towards saving lives. I am a liver transplant recipient, which is not something everyone gets to say. I take a lot of pride in this. Although sadly someones life was taken away far too early, several lives were saved, which is something that I am very grateful for and will be for the rest of my life. Because of my donor, I am alive. Since my donor is no longer with us, I believe it is very important for me to raise awareness on the impact of organ and tissue donation. I am a living example of what organ donation can do. You can choose to take your organs to the grave with you, where they won’t be helping anyone, or donate them to people in need and save lives.

Mother to Mother by Sindiwe Magona Analysis free essay sample

Mother to Mother The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the book Mother to Mother by Sindiwe Magona. Specifically, it will critically analyze the book. The book Mother to Mother is a touching and elegant story of race relations and misunderstanding in South Africa. The author bases her book on a true incident, but looks at it from the eyes of a mother who loves her son but recognizes his inadequacies. It is a devastating look at apartheid, violence, and anger in a society long split between black and white. Well-written with emotion and pathos, it is a book that discovers the difficulties of reconciliation and continuing with life after the death of a loved one. This emotional book looks at both sides of a young white womans murder in a black township in South Africa. The book begins with the haunting line My son killed your daughter (Magona 1), and that line grabs the reader from the beginning, and makes them want to learn more about the two families and their responsibilities to themselves, and the their community. We will write a custom essay sample on Mother to Mother by Sindiwe Magona Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The book covers only two days chronologically, but the author skillfully uses flashbacks to look back on her life and the life of her son, to illustrate the hatred and violence at work in South African society that created such a monster as her son and the other killers. The mother is not unaware that her child has turned into something she cannot control, but she is also aware that the lifestyle of poor blacks in a dominant white society has been the spark that created the fire under the murderers. Coming from a life without hope, how can they see anything else for themselves? The fictional mother understands the white familys grief, but she is also strong enough to stand up and place part of the blame on their daughter, who walked straight into a deadly situation. She chides the couple, Yes, the more I think about this the more convinced I am that your daughter must have been the type of person who has absolutely no sense of danger when she believes in what she is doing (Magona 2). This is a difficult position for any mother to take, but in recognizing the truth of the matter, she is not only healing herself, she is standing up to the white family and saying that their daughter was a responsible adult. Clearly, she should have known the dangers of what she was doing, rather than looking at her situation only idealistically. Mandisa, the mother in the story, does not make excuses for her son, she knows his act was reprehensible, but she does understand his young life has been filled with despair, betrayal, and difficulty. She notes, Understand the people among whom he has lived all his life. Nothing my son does surprises me any more. Not after that first unbelievable shock, his implanting himself inside me; unreasonably and totally destroying the me I was. The me I would have become (Magona). Mandisa gave birth to her son when she was only fifteen, and it changed her life, just as it would change the young white girls life eventually. In an interview about the book, author Magona elaborates: It is a well-known fact that children of children are at high risk of not finishing school. Mandisa is a perfect example of the success of apartheidshe is the perfect product of that systemher talent is stillborn; so is that of her children. Society will never benefit from the gifts they brought to the world. I firmly believe no child is born without potential. Thus, by neglecting the young, we deny ourselves great blessings and rewards (Gray). Her son is fighting out against a system that kept his people oppressed for decades, and it is no surprise that he fights back with violence, which is really the only weapon he has. His mother wryly notes, We live here, fight and kill each other (Magona 3). This is an exceptional point in the novel, for the reader understands that the blacks can kill each other all they like, but when they step into the white world, they have crossed a line, and they will pay. Here is another reason the young black men rebel, they know there is a double standard, and the white do not care if they kill each other. It is a depressing and hopeless thought, and it is no wonder the young men lash out with violence and hatred. Magona herself asks the perplexing question, What was the world of this young womans killers, the world of those, young as she was young, whose environment failed to nurture them in the higher ideals of humanity and who, instead, became lost creatures of malice and destruction? Magona, Preface). She answers this throughout the book when she portrays the children on their own over a long weekend when Mandisas employer kept her instead of sending her home, or when the leave the political meeting chanting one settler, one bullet. Throughout the book, the differences between blacks and white are continually apparent, and the illustration of the ease of the idealistic young whites girls life, compared to the hardships the blacks face is someti mes difficult to read. The young white girl really has no idea of the conditions in the townships, and if she did, she would never have placed herself there in harms way. Resented by blacks, she was not doing good, she was an idealistic fool. Despite the best of intentions, this book shows there were simply too many differences separating blacks and whites in South Africa for a young white girl and her friends to make any progress in stalling apartheid.